Sound attenuation in the marine environment (review)

Authors

UDC

534.286

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31429/vestnik-20-2-70-81

Abstract

One of the factors affecting the range of sound propagation in the marine environment is sound absorption. Many researchers have contributed to the current knowledge of sound attenuation in seawater. The article presents a brief historical overview of the studies about the sound absorption in seawater. A number of empirical formulas for calculating the sound absorption coefficient in the marine environment are given. The current state of the problem is analyzed. Sound absorption depends on temperature, pressure, salinity, acidity (hydrogen pH) and frequency. For high frequencies, the sound absorption is much higher than for low frequencies. With an increase in hydrostatic pressure, absorption decreases. An increase in temperature, salinity and hydrogen index increases absorption. Sound absorption in seawater is caused by the presence of magnesium, boron and bromine salts dissolved in it. A large number of processes occur in seawater, but only two relaxations account for most of the absorption. This is the relaxation of magnesium sulfate MgSO4 (relaxation frequency fr ~100 kHz) and boric acid B(OH)3 (fr ~1 kHz). A third relaxation involving magnesium carbonate MgCO3 (fr ~10 kHz) was revealed. At frequencies from 0.2 to 10 kHz, boric acid B(OH)3 makes the main contribution to absorption. At frequencies below 1 kHz, the absorption coefficient in the ocean depends on the pH. Dependence on pH is associated with relaxation of the following types: B(OH)3 – boric acid and MgCO3 – magnesium carbonate. In the frequency range from 10 to 1000 kHz, magnesium sulfate MgSO4 makes the main contribution to attenuation. At high frequencies (> 1000 kHz), the absorption depends on the viscosity. At frequencies below 200 Hz, there is a spread of experimental data. This variation is associated with regional dependence.

Keywords:

marine environment, sound attenuation, absorption coefficient, frequency, temperature, salinity, hydrogen index, hydrostatic pressure, viscosity, relaxation frequency

Acknowledgement

The study did not have sponsorship.

Author Infos

Alexander A. Yarochenko

д-р физ.-мат. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры "Высшая математика" Севастопольского государственного университета

e-mail: yaroshenko.575@yandex.ru

Alexey D. Degtyar

postgraduate student of the Department of Higher Mathematics

e-mail: lyohadegtyar4@mail.ru

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Issue

2023. Vol. 20. No. 2

Section

Physics

Pages

70-81

Submitted

2023-06-13

Published

2023-06-30

How to Cite

Yarochenko A.A., Degtyar A.D. Sound attenuation in the marine environment (review). Ecological Bulletin of Research Centers of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, 2023, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 70-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31429/vestnik-20-2-70-81 (In Russian)

Copyright (c) 2023 Yarochenko A.A., Degtyar A.D.

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